Compiling Linux Kernel 4.4.16

This article illustrates how to generate a bootable class='acmetable' Linux Kernel image for Acqua A5, Aria G25, Arietta G25 and FOX G20 boards

Notes

  • This procedure was tested on a Linux PC with Ubuntu 15.10
  • More info about this Kernel version are available here
  • It is advisable to have a Debug Port Interface or similar during the kernel bootstrap
  • Before following this step by step procedure install these packages

Step-by-step Kernel cross-compilation procedure:

Download and save in your home directory the Linux Kernel sources:

Extract the Kernel sources from the compressed file by typing:

~$ tar xvfJ linux-4.4.16.tar.xz
...

Move inside the new folder:

~$ cd linux-4.4.16
~/linux-4.4.16$

At this point I suggest to create a your own personal branch of Linux Kernel sources with git to keep a trace of any changes from the Kernel mainline using these commands.

~/linux-4.4.16$ git init; git add .; git commit -m "Linux vanilla"; git branch acme; git checkout acme

Download this patch file from GitHub:

and apply it by typing:

~/linux-4.4.16$ patch -p1 < linux-4.4.16.patch

Then select the right Linux configuration for your board by typing one of these commands:

Acqua A5

~/linux-4.4.16$ make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi- acme-acqua_defconfig

Arietta G25

~/linux-4.4.16$ make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi- acme-arietta_defconfig

Aria G25

~/linux-4.4.16$ make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi- acme-aria_defconfig

FOX Board G20

~/linux-4.4.16$ make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi- acme-foxg20_defconfig

Customize the default Linux Kernel configuration:

If you need to customize the Kernel configuration or you just want to take a look around the Kernel setup type:

~/linux-4.4.16$ make ARCH=arm menuconfig

and navigate inside the Kernel configuration using the arrow keys and following the help provided by the menuconfig interface.

Generate the Device Tree Blob file (.dtb)

Now compile the the device tree file requested by your board by typing one of these commands:

Acqua A5

~/linux-4.4.16$ make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi- acme-acqua.dtb

Arietta G25

~/linux-4.4.16$ make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi- acme-arietta.dtb

Aria G25

~/linux-4.4.16$ make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi- acme-aria.dtb

FOX Board G20

~/linux-4.4.16$ make ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi- acme-foxg20.dtb

Compile the Kernel image

Compile the Linux Kernel sources and generate the binary compressed image file to save in the first partition of microSD card.

~/linux-4.4.16$ make -j8 ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi- zImage
...
  Image arch/arm/boot/zImage is ready

Compile the Kernel modules

The image generated contains the Linux Kernel and all the built-in device drivers (option [*] in menuconfig) compiled with it.

Al the drivers compiled as external modules (option [M] in menuconfig) need to be compiled and saved in the rootfs /lib directory on the second partition of the microSD. We didn't use any [M] flag in our defconfig so this procedure is not requested but. in case you add something. these are the commands to use to compile them:

~/linux-4.4.16$ make modules -j8 ARCH=arm CROSS_COMPILE=arm-linux-gnueabi-
...
~/linux-4.4.16$ make modules_install INSTALL_MOD_PATH=./modules ARCH=arm
...

Copy the boot files into the first microSD partition

Direct write on microSD

Insert a microSD formatted microSD with the boot loader and the rootfs contents already created in your Linux PC and copy on it the files directly:

Write the Linux Kernel image, the Device tree blog files in the first microSD partition and uncompress the modules in /modules/lib directory inside the second microSD partition:

Acqua A5

~/linux-4.4.16$ cp arch/arm/boot/dts/acme-acqua.dtb /media/$USER/boot/at91-sama5d3_acqua.dtb
~/linux-4.4.16$ cp arch/arm/boot/zImage /media/$USER/boot
~/linux-4.4.16$ sudo rsync -avc modules/lib/. /media/$USER/rootfs/lib/.

Arietta G25

~/linux-4.4.16$ cp arch/arm/boot/dts/acme-arietta.dtb /media/$USER/boot/acme-arietta.dtb
~/linux-4.4.16$ cp arch/arm/boot/zImage /media/$USER/boot
~/linux-4.4.16$ sudo rsync -avc modules/lib/. /media/$USER/rootfs/lib/.

Aria G25

~/linux-4.4.16$ cp arch/arm/boot/dts/acme-aria.dtb /media/$USER/boot/at91-ariag25.dtb
~/linux-4.4.16$ cp arch/arm/boot/zImage /media/$USER/boot
~/linux-4.4.16$ sudo rsync -avc modules/lib/. /media/$USER/rootfs/lib/.

FOX Board G20

~/linux-4.4.16$ cat arch/arm/boot/zImage arch/arm/boot/dts/acme-foxg20.dtb > /media/$USER/boot/uImage
~/linux-4.4.16$ sudo rsync -avc modules/lib/. /media/$USER/rootfs/lib/.

Remote writing via ssh

Use this method if you have a working board accessible via LAN, WiFi or USB

Write the Linux Kernel image, the Device tree blog files in the first microSD partition and uncompress the modules in /modules/lib directory inside the second microSD partition:

Acqua A5

~/linux-4.4.16$ scp arch/arm/boot/dts/acme-acqua.dtb root@ip_address:/boot/at91-sama5d3_acqua.dtb
~/linux-4.4.16$ scp arch/arm/boot/zImage root@ip_address:/boot
~/linux-4.4.16$ rsync -avc modules/lib/. root@ip_address:/lib/.

Arietta G25

~/linux-4.4.16$ scp arch/arm/boot/dts/acme-arietta.dtb root@192.168.10.10:/boot/acme-arietta.dtb
~/linux-4.4.16$ scp arch/arm/boot/zImage root@192.168.10.10:/boot
~/linux-4.4.16$ rsync -avc modules/lib/. root@192.168.10.10:/lib/.

Aria G25

~/linux-4.4.16$ scp arch/arm/boot/dts/acme-aria.dtb root@ip_address:/boot/at91-ariag25.dtb
~/linux-4.4.16$ scp arch/arm/boot/zImage root@ip_address:/boot
~/linux-4.4.16$ rsync -avc modules/lib/. root@ip_address:/lib/.

FOX Board G20

~/linux-4.4.16$ cat arch/arm/boot/zImage arch/arm/boot/dts/acme-foxg20.dtb > uImage
~/linux-4.4.16$ scp uImage root@ip_address:/boot
~/linux-4.4.16$ rsync -avc modules/lib/. root@ip_address:/lib/.

If this command doesn't work verify if rsync in installed on your board. Use apt-get install rsync.

After the first boot

At the first access to the board command line update the module dependencies by typing this command:

~# depmod -a

Sergio Tanzilli
Systems designer, webmaster of www.acmesystems.it and founder of Acme Systems srl

Personal email: tanzilli@acmesystems.it
Web pages: https://www.acmesystems.it --- https://www.acmestudio.it
Github repositories: https://github.com/tanzilli --- https://github.com/acmesystems
Telegram group dedicated to the Acme Systems boards: https://t.me/acmesystemssrl